Impact Of Climate Change On Health Sector - 3495 Words

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HEALTH SECTOR: A MATTER OF CONCERN Question: How health sector is affected by climate change, ABSTRACT: In future health care practitioners is going to face two major obstacles or challenges that will affect the health care system. Firstly, change in global climate will affect the health of the people, resulting in numerous diseases because of changing pattern of weather. The human activities that is generating the change in climate by increasing the greenhouse gases. It is affecting more adversely. Here in this paper it is summarize the affects or impacts of climate change in health care and make some evidence that global warming is affecting health sector. An approaches that is focused on health risks due to many reasons like economic disruptions, demographic condition of climate change. The response to climate change requires new ways or interventions that help to apply for the problem and it is necessary to decrease or reduce the emissions of gases that increase the global warming and steps to avoid the destructive impacts of climate changes. The communities that are facing the climate change condition are require to make agencies that form an intersectoral partnerships to marshal resources. By making analysis the observation responding to climate change has to work in progress. To reduce the effects of climate change more work has to be involve that can make changes. Introduction: Climate change has been issue to mankind as well as forShow MoreRelatedMemo Summary938 Words   |  4 PagesSummary of the Memo This memorandum provides a summary of the environmental and political background of Ontario’s greenhouse gas emissions. It specifies the varying impacts of climate change as a result of increases in GHG emissions and gives examples of how and where these impacts are being felt in Canada. As a large contributor to Canada’s overall GHG emissions, Ontario should provide regulations and policies to mitigate these emissions. A variety of policy instruments will be examined to determineRead MoreEnergy, Agriculture, And Livestock1650 Words   |  7 Pages but climate friendly practices for development. Anyway, with the global average of emissions per capita of 7,58MtCO2eq, IGAD countries are among the lowest GHG emitters. On the other hand, the sources of emission are being studied in order to focus on some activities or sectors for implementing mitigation measures in an efficient way. In general, the main sources of emission in IGAD are: Energy, Agriculture and livestock; Transport; Industry including Mining; and Land Use, Land Use Change and ForestryRead MoreClimate Change868 Words   |  4 Pagesimages as well as data tables that elaborate the content and helps the reader understand the concept better. The author talks about the common fear that everyone have in today’s world, climate change, and this book illustrates about 100 different methods and procedures that we can all follow to stop climate change from getting worse. All the methods have daring and accurate solutions that are designed by many international researchers, professionals, and scientists. The technique s range from plant-richRead MoreThe Policy Process Of New Zealand Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe Policy Process Task II: Briefing Paper Summary: There is an imminent threat posed by the climate change issue that New Zealand faces. Human wellbeing, food and water security, health issues and national security are some of the threats that New Zealand will have to resolve. One of the first global effort in response to combating the issue of climate change is the Kyoto Protocol. However, the agreement did not include the two largest world emitters of greenhouse gas - China and the USA. TheRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1482 Words   |  6 Pagesecosystems as well as people are suffering from its impacts. Climate change has affected the weather patterns and has indeed disrupted the variability and trends that exist in climate. This has resulted into an increase in climate-related extremes such as heavy downpour, floods, surges, and droughts. However, it has been seen that indeed most of the affected nations are the ones that have not even contributed immensely to pollution of the globe. Climate change presents an environmental challenge, economicRead MoreEffects Of Climate On Small Scale Farmers1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the change in climate has on small-scale farmers along with the strategies that they have employed to mitigate these impacts. Overview of the Global context in the change of Climate The change in climate refers to the alteration in the condition of climate that is easily identifiable through the use of statistical tests through alterations in variability and/or mean of its properties and exists for a much longer period, in most cases decades It can also be described as change in climate that takesRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The United States1131 Words   |  5 PagesOur climate plays an important role in human societies and affects agriculture, ecosystems, our natural environment and our health. Human activities such as pollution and deforestation, has changed the climate as a whole, leading to an increased amount of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide to enter the atmosphere. The effects of this has led to higher sea levels, loss of sea ice and an increase in heat waves across the globe. A recent report released by the Environmental Protection AgencyRead MoreImpact Of Climate Change On The Environment1652 Words   |  7 PagesBiodiversity is one of many areas impacted by climate change. Species and ecosystem modeling has shown that there are potential changes that can occur certain key biodiversity sectors (McMahon et al., 2011). Researchers have created analysis on how changes in climate and levels of CO2 can impact different structures of vegetation and their function, including productivity in growth (Scheiter Higgins, 2008), ecosystem-based adaptation approaches and conservation plans (Cowling Egoh, 2007). ThereRead MoreThe Impact of International Tourism on Global Environmental Change1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction International tourism can now be recognised as one of the biggest contributing sectors for many countries’ GDP. Moreover, it has transformed them in many aspects such as economic, socio-culture, and environment. International tourism involves activity of inbound and outbound tourist of a country and resident or non-resident visitors within the country (World Tourism Organisation 2014). The World Tourism Organisation has predicted the growth of tourism activities to increase by an averageRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Rural People Of Nepal1220 Words   |  5 PagesAll these changes tend to contribute to reduce agricultural productivity resulting in either increased prices or food shortages. While other impacts of climate change include increased forest fires due to the extended dry period, and increase pest and diseases of crops, livestock and human population (LFP, 2010). Thus, the unparalleled impacts of climate change extended to effects on ecosystem, health, foo d production, water resources, agriculture and livelihood (IPCCC, 2001). With developing countries

The Beginning of Development and Success - 1822 Words

The beginning of development and success An entrepreneur is known as an inventor who taking the risk in the business. It performs in the role of innovation as the key of development and success which associates with society, currency, creativity and sustainability. Entrepreneurs also involve in economic development, interacting with suppliers and customers to create a market and variation of the product. The entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development are performing together in the relationship. First, entrepreneurship is action of people who want to start or make new business happened. These people are trying to make a profit out of the new product at their own risk. They are called Entrepreneur (Robert, Michael, Dean, 2008). Cantillon (1775) also described the entrepreneur as one â€Å"who assumes the risk of buying goods, or parts of goods, at one price and attempts to sell them for profit, either in their original states or as new products.† The idea of new product is either improvement of combining goods or the non-existing concept idea. Entrepreneur mostly begins base on the concept idea and possible solution that does not physically exist. Along with the concept idea, there are always uncertainties until it has become success as innovation (Drucker, 1986). The role of innovation plays along with the entrepreneurship. Both of them are relied on one other in order to become well success. When the entrepreneurship stands alone, it is nothing more than just aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Establishing a Therapeutic Alliance1107 Words   |  5 Pages Research has shown that a strong therapeutic alliance is necessary for establishing a beneficial contact between the therapist and the client. If the therapist does not encourage the creation of a reliable therapeutic alliance from the beginning of the treatment, it will be hard to develop a constructive relationship with the client later. Establishing the therapeutic alliance will increase the chances of achieving the goal of the treatment because the clients will be willing to cooperateRead MoreHow Teacher Development Influence The Self Confidence For The Beginning Mentees Teachers Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesProblem Statement It is not known if and to what degree teacher development influence the self-confidence of beginning mentees. This study will address the problem of mentor teacher’s impact on novice teacher’s self-worth in the classroom. The aim is to ascertain whether the relationship of teacher, mentor and novice teacher impact will produce effectiveness for the novice teacher. Novice teachers are continuing to leave at an alarming rate after their first year because of self-worthRead MoreLearning Team Deliverable Week 3 1055 Words   |  5 PagesTaylor, and Suzane Tenorio University of Phoenix HRM/552-Organizational Training and Development Sherri Johnson December 1, 2014 Learning Team Deliverable- Week 3 The assignment for this week focuses on the team’s understanding of the goals and objectives of training program development and delivery. Team C summarizes the following highlights of this week’s discussions: determining organizational development theories and applications; differentiating between mentoring and executive coaching; identifyingRead MoreGb520 Unit1 Apple Case Analysis Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 08, 2012 Professor Dr. Kenneth Rauch Case Analysis – Strategic Management – Apple, Inc. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to explain the definition of Strategic Management and why it is critical to the success of an organization in meeting its goals and mission. The paper will include a brief analysis of the situation and pending decision problem, as presented in the case and in relevance to the answer. In addition, the major issues will be surroundingRead MoreSports Marketing Synthesis 1127 Words   |  5 PagesIn an article titled â€Å"Career and Professional Development: Sports Marketing,† contributors describe the general classification of a sports marketer. The article explains that a sports marketer generally stays at the same level throughout his/her career due to its high satisfaction. Alexandru Mihai writes in his article â€Å"The Strategic Sport Marketing Planning Process† that there are certain steps a sports marketer needs to take in order to have success. A few of these steps include organization, advertisingRead MoreCompare and Contrast the D ifferent Ways in Which Economic Development Affected Politics in Massachusetts and Virginia in the Period from 1607 to 1750.677 Words   |  3 Pageswhich economic development affected politics in Massachusetts and Virginia in the period from 1607 to 1750. From all of the colonies that resulted from European expansion and conquest, perhaps the two most famous would be those of Virginia and Massachusetts. The economic development of Massachusetts and Virginia started in the same period of time but had many differences between them. Each was established by the similar groups of people but they had different beginnings, also a differentRead MoreThe Best Laid Plan By Terry Fallis1351 Words   |  6 PagesAchieving success in your life with many obstacles to overcome, is a way which one can only describe as a sense of gratification and enlightenment. The Best Laid Plan is a satirical novel based around Canadian politics that shows us the unravelling events that occur between the main characters Angus McLintock and Daniel Addison. Having many different problems being apparent, they overcome it in the end and achieve success which is the theme that’s most prevalent. One word to describe this is â€Å"determination†Read MoreThe Relationship Between Literacy Achievement And Social Communication Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesand problem solving strategies for academic success. The purpose of this paper is to present current scientific research findings about the relationship between literacy achievement and social communication skills from referee literature. Method: Eight rese arch articles retrieved from the electronic databases: ERIC (ProQuest) and CINAHL Complete. Results: Recent findings indicate that children’s social communication skills is a predictor of literacy success. Keywords: Social Communication, social skillsRead MoreA Research Report On The Strategy Of Identi Drive1198 Words   |  5 Pagesup period, as well as economic conditions that the company will face during its days of operation. This section will cover economic information pertaining to the customer, the city of Indianapolis, and the economic factors that will determine the success of Identi-Drive. Unemployment rates have been on a downward decline since March 2010. Frank (2014) noted that from July 2014 to August 2014, unemployment rates have dropped 0.1%. Focusing on the last year, the unemployment rate has dropped from 7Read MoreFreuds Psychosexual Stages Of Development1486 Words   |  6 PagesWhen compared to Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, one can see that Erikson’s theory has many similarities. As a one of Freud’s students, Erik Erikson was not convinced by Freud’s psychosexual stage of development, which lead to the development of his theory of psychosocial stages of development (Arnett, 2015). Within Erikson’s theory there are eight different stages with different life crisis to be resolved. Not resolving the conflicts would lead to an unhealthy personality, which causes

Continue to Fund NASA Free Essays

The wreckage of the ship and the remains of her seven crew members were strewn all across Texas and parts of Louisiana. Even the most staunch NASA believers contemplated their support for the agency as fire rained from the sky. It had been nearly 17 years since the last fatal disaster of the Challenger explosion, and this served as another frightening reminder that space travel till is not safe. We will write a custom essay sample on Continue to Fund NASA or any similar topic only for you Order Now The incident caused the question that everyone asked themselves that day: Is the journey Of space travel and exploration worth the sacrifice of human lives? This line of thinking has ultimately lead to the debate over whether we, as American tax payers, should continue to fund NASA in its mission to explore and understand the universe. I propose that NASA is not only an important part of our government, but an absolute critical piece of our development as a human species. We are a race destined for the stars, and the formation of agencies like NASA were the first steps to that end. To better understand NASA, we have to look at the agency from its inception. NASA was essentially born out of fear of Soviet space superiority. On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launch the worlds first artificial satellite into space by the name of Sputnik (Gerber, Lanais). As a direct result, almost exactly one year later NASA was formed with 8,000 employees and a 1 00 million dollar budget. The initial goal of NASA was to make up lost ground on the Soviets in the space race, but on May 25, 1961 President John F Kennedy gave NASA its prime directive: put a man on the moon and bring him back feely before the end of the decade. With an astonishing pace and efficiency, that goal was achieve on July 20, 1969 when Neil Armstrong took his first steps on the moon and gave his famous â€Å"One Small Step for Man† speech. At that time, the whole country was behind NASA and its mission. The very act of putting a man on the moon changed our society in many ways. Man was no longer bound to the Earth, and it changed our perception of the universe. Exploration of space and the stars seemed within our grasp. It looked like only a matter of time before the common man would be colonizing the moon. Fast forward almost forty years later and we find that Man has not been back since. The notion that we were able to send a man to the moon in eight years, but spend the next forty idly by on Earth and our low orbit space stations does not sit well with some. And, if you are just looking at the small picture of manned space travel, it would seem that NASA is moving at a snails pace. Since the last moon landing, Man has not moved an inch past our low orbit space stations. When looking at faults, there are many to be found as to why this has occurred. The first thing we can look at is the faltered support NASA received from our entry in the past few decades. When Americans started dying for the cause, we all slowly started losing our taste for space travel. This also occurred when we realized the high cost of sending man into space. The public does not see the benefits of sending a man to the moon again, as the â€Å"been there, done that† mentality has prevailed. This is especially apparent as of late when Obama just recently canceled the Constellation Program, which aimed at getting a man back on the moon by 2020 (Atkinson). The ultimate goal was to start towards building a lunar base from which we could launch other space sessions from. Yet, even though we had already spent 9 billion dollars on the project, it was axed. NASA was cited as â€Å"over budget, behind schedule, and lacking in innovation due to a failure to invest in critical new technologies. † Instead, NASA was urged to invest and inspire the centralization of space flight (Belton). This comes about because the space shuttle fleet will be retiring this year, and the US will be entirely reliant on the Russian space agency to ferry our astronauts to the International Space Station for the next few years. It is suggested that spurring growth in this sector will achieve Beam’s angle of creating jobs and will be better economically than sending our money to Russia. While I find the centralization of space flight a step in a good direction, I believe the cancellation of the Constellation program shows an enormous lack of foresight on the Obama administration’s part. While this move harkens back to when the government spurred growth in commercial aviation sector by use of the Airmail initiative (Simmers 2), one must realize that the money is just not there yet for commercial study and exploration. The projects NASA have undertaken have required massive budgets with usually very little monetary return. This is not necessarily the arena for private industry, who have a bottom line to worry about. There has been much outcry as to the cost of supporting NASA through public funding. This year Anna’s budget actually increased 6% to just under 18 billion dollars, which to some, are not being spent wisely. It is unfortunately true that NASA has become the government agency that nobody wanted it to be: big, bloated, inefficient and expensive. It seems it has fallen into the pit that most other government agencies have. For proof of this e can look at Anna’s latest Mars rover project, the Mars Science Laboratory (MS). The rover was supposed to launch near the end of 2009 and now has been delayed (twice) to 201 1 (Chance). The budget for this project was approved at 1. 6 billion but now is projected to surpass 2. 2 billion by launch. Even if you look at Anna’s more recent success stories the public has been asking â€Å"is it worth it? ‘ The Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity launched in 2003 and were expected to last only 6 months. Six years later and we find they are still operating on Mars and sending back data. At a total cost of -? 944 million for a six year mission, you could say that’s a bargain (Chivies). Yet, there are many who wonder how soil samples and weather patterns on Mars help us when there many more issues down on Earth that need attention. Some have urged for the slashing and outright abolishment of NASA in favor of shifting its budget to other social programs like well fare, national health care or education. While I am not debating the whether or not these programs need more funding, I am stating that diminishing Anna’s budget and overall presence would be a huge blow to the development of the IIS and he human race as a whole. When looking at the overall governmental spending budget, NASA is only a drop in the bucket, totaling only less than 1% (Change). Compare that to the height of the Apollo missions that took 5% of the budget, it shows that today’s program is affordable. The national defense budget is nearly 40 times that of Anna’s. While NASA does not directly work towards the hyphenation of space (that is the Air Force’s domain), maintaining space superiority does lend to our country’s defense. One can only imagine if Russia or China gains the upper hand. Regardless, the minute anis we might see by diverting Anna’s funding elsewhere would be greatly outweighed by the detrimental effects this would have on our country and perhaps the world. So far you might say there haven’t been many pro’s for NASA that have been presented. The fruits of Anna’s labors really fall into two categories: tangible and intangible. The intangible gifts that NASA has given us are really the hardest to defend as they may not directly benefit us. For instance, NASA has discovered more than 300 explants (planets orbiting stars outside our solar system) and are still finding new and better ways to detect them Cowmen). They recent launched the Keeper space telescope that will aid us in finding even more explants. The knowledge that there are definitively more planets outside our solar system, while not surprising, does nothing for us now and helps no one at the moment. Yet, the information we might glean from these explants may perhaps unlock how planets are formed in our universe; and may even give a glimpse into how life is formed. One cannot put a price tag on expanding the human understanding of the universe. But, knowing how life or planets are formed do not help the starving or the dying. For those who do not care that Uranus has 1000 MPH wind speeds or that at the center of every galaxy there may be a super massive black hole; we must look at the direct and tangible presents that NASA has bestowed on our society. Many, many innovative technologies have been directly and indirectly created by NASA is pursuit of its goals. If you get lost in the woods and your GAPS leads you back to safety; you can thank NASA for that. If MR. scan catches the early stages of cancer and you get to live a full life because of it, you can thank NASA (Change 2). If your fire alarm goes off and you can get out of your souse before it is engulfed in flames; again, you can thank NASA. If you have an ear thermometer, cell phone, satellite TV or cordless drill; you can thank in whole or in part, NASA. The technologies NASA has given the world has not only made life easier, but has saved countless lives as well. Let’s not forgot Anna’s enormous contributions to meteorology either, which have not only saved lives but have help the agricultural sector as well. All these things we may not have come about if NASA hadn’t help create them as a means to their end. If all of Anna’s contributions to humanity have not swayed you than reaps nothing will. You must take into account this though; that the fate of the entire world and the human race may be on Nanas shoulders. I’m sure you have all seen movies like Armageddon and Deep Impact, and believable or not these Earth striking comets are a very real possibility. The only way we will have fair warning if this comes to pass will be through the efforts of agencies like NASA. The only organizations even considering the possibilities and contingency plans are those like NASA This is not fear mongering either; the widely accepted notion that Earth has been hit by a comet before exulting in the extinction of species like the dinosaurs is proof enough that it is possible. It may very well be that one day NASA saves the Earth from destruction, and We will breath sigh of relief that we kept them around. When its all said and done, we need NASA. They have given us so much in the way of knowledge and tech analogical advancements that we shouldn’t turn our backs on them now. Granted, they are not perfect and do have many glaring flaws. Perhaps they need a restructuring or new leadership to get them back on the path. The fact remains that we are indebted to NASA for eloping us grow technologically and as humans looking up wide eyed at the sky. How to cite Continue to Fund NASA, Papers

Major Types of Economic Systems free essay sample

Differentiate among the major types of economic systems. The roles that individuals, businesses, and government play in allocating a society resources depend on the society’s economic systems, the basic set of rules for allocating resources to satisfy its citizen’s needs. Economic systems are generally categorized in three major types as free market systems, planned systems and mixed economy. The free market means that economic decisions are taken by private individuals and firms. Everything is owned and operated by private individuals. Capitalism and private enterprise are the terms most often used to describe the free market system. One in which private parties own and operate majority business and where competition, supply, and demand determine which goods and services are produced. For example, Hong Kong’s economy is 89. 3% free. Income and corporate tax rates are extremely low. Business regulation is simple, and the labour market is highly flexible. Planned economy is an economic system in which the central government makes all decisions on the production and consumption of goods and services. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Types of Economic Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In such economies, central economic planning by the state or government controls all major sectors of the economy and formulates all decisions about the use of resources and the distribution of output. Planners decide what should be produced and direct lower-level enterprises to produce those goods in accordance with national and social objectives. Socialism lies somewhere between capitalism and communism, with a fairly high degree of government planning and some government ownership of capital resources. For example, The same is true of North Korea, which has an almost entirely state-run economy, as well as the same social programs mentioned for Cuba. Like Cuba, North Korea does not have a stock exchange. A mixed economy is an economic system that includes a variety of private and government control, or a mixture of capitalism and socialism. There is not one single definition for a mixed economy, but relevant aspects include: a degree of private economic freedom (including privately owned industry) intermingled with centralized economic planning and government regulation (which may include regulation of the market for environmental concerns, ocial welfare or efficiency, or state ownership and management of some of the means of production for national or social objectives). For example, the United States is a mixed economy because, although the factors of production are owned by the private sector, the government does get involved in decisions: The government determines what infrastructure will be built, and the government has passed laws putting many restrictions and regulations upon private industry Resources: (Business in action sixth edition Bovee Thill)

Week 1 Individual assignment free essay sample

This individual assignment paper will be discussing briefly about Human resource management, the responsibilities and what are the primary functions of Human resource management. Lastly, this individual assignment paper will discuss about the different roles of what human resources management does in an organizations strategic plan. Human Resources Management According toThe Princeton Review(2013), â€Å"Human resources management are the ones who deals with decisions with personnel, which includes hiring a prospected applicant, the training of new hires, providing the new hires with information pertaining to long term benefits, and assisting the new hires in completing their benefits package, and Compensation of the employees in case the employees get injured on the job. † Human Resources Management are also Mediators between the discrepancies of co workers, supervisors, and managers, for example, If an employee while on the job, is being sexually harassed or verbally abusive by her boss, The Human resources Management are the ones who will put a stop to it by investigating both sides of the story, The Human resources management are the ones who will do their own investigation by asking all the other co workers to get their side of the story, all of the co workers are not allowed to discuss the investigation no where near the Job site, The Human resources management are the final decision makers once the investigation has been determined to what really happened. We will write a custom essay sample on Week 1 Individual assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Human Resources Management also has the authority to terminate an employee or a supervisor based on the Human Resources determined investigation and the decision which would be in the best interest of the company. (The Princeton Review,2013). ? HUMAN RECOURCES MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW 3 The primary function of human resource management According toThe Princeton Review(2013), The primary functions of human resources are â€Å"to ensure the oversight and appropriate matches made between the producers and support staff, between managers and the managerial assistants and between co workers and subordinates. † Human resources are the ones who ensure all laws of the company and organization are adhered to, The Human resources departments functions ensures that each employee is in compliance with the regulations which affects the employees at the worksite, health issues, and safety issues. Human resources functions on a multiple of task, while achieving stead fast organizational skills. Human resources managements functions are having interpersonal skills, These skills are a very viable skill to have, for example, a co workers immediate family passes away, and the co worker cannot cope with their family members death, so the Human resources manager sits down and talks with the co worker which has lost his loved one and offers different programs for that co worker to better deal with him losing someone so close, The human resource manager also refers co workers with alcohol addiction and Marital problems. The human resources manager also talks with all different agencies such as hospitals, marriage counselors, medical insurance companies and Dental insurance companies to name a few. Human resources managers function as the last line of defense when It comes to aiding and assisting co workers and managers. Human resources managers also act as referees between two co worker individuals who do not agree on issues within the company or organization. Human resources managers functions work another duty as well, their functions are also to reprimand co workers who do not follow the companies guidelines. For example, a co worker has been reported of stealing company property and has been called in to see the Human resources Manager. Based on the Human resources managers investigation, the co worker was stealing company property and was terminated HUMAN RECOURCES MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW 4 The role of human resource management in an organization’s strategic plan The Mayhew(2013) website states that the â€Å"Role of human resource management strategic plan in an organization is to maintain strength between the supervisor and subordinate relationship. † Human resources managers form a strategic workforce plan and determines function processes in an attempt to provide the best interest for the organizations goals. The strategic planning of human resource management has to know and familiarize themselves on all human resource sets of procedures of conventional expectations and principles which are considered binding on all employees who are members of a company or organization. For example, a legal binding contract is signed by all new hired employees, stealing will result in automatic termination, and is subject to Jail time, if any employee are caught using unprescribed drugs will face termination.

Economic interdependence as a driver of Regional integration in east asia The WritePass Journal

Economic interdependence as a driver of Regional integration in east asia Introduction Economic interdependence as a driver of Regional integration in east asia ]. Frost, E.,2008. Asia’s New Regionalism. London, Lynne Rienner Publishers. Ng and Yeats (2003), Major Trade Trends in East Asia. In: World Bank Policy Research Paper 3084. Washington, World Bank. Kawai, M. and T. Motonishi, 2004. Is East Asia an optimum currency area? In: Masahiro Kawai (ed), Financial interdependence and exchange rate regimes in East Asia. Japan. Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Finance, pp. 157-203 Kwack, S. 2004. An optimum currency area in East Asia: feasibility, coordination, and the leadership role.Journal of Asian economics. 15, 153-169 Xu, N., 2006. China and ASEAN: Summary of the Last Fifteen Year’s Economic and Trading Cooperation. China Business Update. 8.

Principles of Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principles of Management - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that  SOS has a global presence imbued within a local presence. One of the greatest successes of SOS villages has been its ability to adapt well to local conditions and customs. The local teams for SOS villages are composed based on four concerns which are mother, brothers and sisters, a house and a village. The contention is that children require a mother as well as brothers and sisters to support them. Children are broken down into manageable groups better known as families and each family is given a house in the SOS village. The mother of the family is usually a nanny or a paid volunteer. Multiple nannies in a village are responsible to the head of the village who is also responsible for overseeing all other local functions.From this paper it is clear that  the head of the village delegates other tasks such as the provision of food, clothing, education and managing finances to other officials reporting directly to them. Most members of the team are paid vol unteers who display a high level of integrity and ethical as well as moral behaviour. Roles and tasks are carried out in a relaxed atmosphere and there is not much difference of protocol between village heads and other team members. Most people in the team are kept together by personal motivation offered by the work as well as by management commitment to promoting work satisfaction.  Conflicts within the team are managed by dialogue alone and often conflicts are far and few in between.

VoIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

VoIP - Essay Example â€Å"IP telephony, Internet telephony, Voice over Broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, and broadband phone are few other terms that can be used as an alternative of VoIP† (Davidson, 2007). Communication services such as SMS, voice messaging, facsimile etc. are the few examples of VoIP that uses the internet as a mode of transmission instead of PSTN (public switched telephone network) nowadays. According to an analysis made by analysts in the past few years, it has come into limelight that a proportion of 20 % of businesses in U.S. have brought VoIP into practice and this fraction is likely to accelerate in the upcoming years (Wallingford, 2005). In this modern era of breakthroughs, where VoIP has experienced a boom in the field of commerce, one of its prime examples includes ANSR, Inc. A small company, located in Midwestern U.S. that initiated its business as e-Marketing and real estate across the country with a wide spread employment network. Due to fast-moving business, s oon it necessitated system, which could address to its increasing communication requirements for its strewn workforce. However, ANSR also needed complete packaged phone related software that could integrate the two diverse branches of its business working in correlation at one place.

Foreign Policies in the Middle East - 1750 Research Paper

Foreign Policies in the Middle East - 1750 - Research Paper Example Also after explaining the why maybe predict a future policy possibly that could be made down the road or just provide an implication from using our logic on why the other policies were created. The Middle Eastern foreign policies are among the most complex policies found anywhere in the world. Policymakers in this region have much internal autonomy in policymaking. But, Middle East is a region which has been plagued quite often with issues like instability and terrorism. This is why many opinions that this region is crowded with unstable states each of which is encountered with different challenges. This turbulence or insecurity plays a big role in shaping foreign policies. Many different labels have been given to these policies over time in research literature from strictly Islamist to Western to secular. This research paper aims to label these foreign policies as appropriately and objectively as possible with the help of modern research. It also serves to explain why foreign policies in the Middle East are so hugely affected by religion. Though there is a mix of factors which influences Middle East foreign policies, policymakers have never been able to ignore the factor o f religion which is a very powerful means of controlling or shaping the image of Middle East. A growing body of research over past many years has scrutinized the relationship between Islam and regional politics of Middle Eastern states. But, this research can surely benefit from more illuminating concepts about how religious thought works to affect outcomes of these foreign policies of different Middle Eastern states. Following discussion aims to illustrate the reality of this claim that religion strongly influences the internal relations of Middle East. It also hopes to improve understanding of this relationship between the two entities. The countries covered in this discussion are Iraq, Kuwait, Egypt, and Syria. Some suggest that bringing religion into international relations is not a modern or thoughtful strategy, but the state in the region of Middle East is different.     

Child Nutrition Act Analysis

Child Nutrition Act Analysis Mamadee Kamara The social policy that this writer chose to write about is the Child Nutrition Act (CAN)/school lunch program. The Child Nutrition Act is one of the most dynamic social policy program in United States social welfare history. The program designed to benefit millions of low-income families and their children across the nation, it helps children the ability to strive their full potential in getting a better accumulated education when they do not have to worry about getting their next meal. It also helps the small businesses owner like for farmer, for instance, to help them grow more products and expanding their distribution in the marketplace. According to the school nutrition association, consuming a healthy diet is critical for first child development and academic achievement, (Bergman et al., 2014). The Child Nutrition program has come from way before it has even existed here in the United States, the very first country that implemented the idea of feeding children at school was in Germany from Munich in 1790, followed by French and British in the 1880s. Ellen H. Richards, the first women who introduced school feeding to the United States as she started it off as a charity work in Boston Massachusetts was in 1894. On October 11, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the bill of Child Nutrition Act. It enables hundreds of young unemployed men to be employed, feeds the underfed and hungry children across the country, and an outlet for the enormous surplus of agriculture commodities, Martin, J., Oakley, C. (Eds.). (2008). In 1966 Child Nutrition Act, the alternative program was created to help build the program stronger. The school breakfaster program (SBP), This was initially designed to help the low-income youth and their families in the poor areas where students had to travel a great distance to get to school, (Ross L. Anderson, 2010). Eating a healthy nutrition food and supplement help individuals grow stronger, mentally, physical and psychological. For instance, most people that want to stay on the healthy life consistently control their eating right nutrition and supplement for them to stay focus. Post University athletics teams have a unique diet program designed for athletics. During the men soccer season, some rules and programs help athletics stay off eating junk foods and drinks that may have possible effect their abilities to stay fit. At school cafeteria in post-university, the chief would make sure they contain healthy nutrition menus weekly throughout the fall season because of the ath letics. According to (Ross L. Anderson, 2010), proper nutritional support is necessary. It allows the brain to function at its highest ability and enhance learning. Healthy dietary habits in early life help ensure normal physiological, and development. Another strength is that the policy helps children in general, to adopt healthy life nutrition, and prevent a disorder such as obesity.ÂÂ   As parents, one should incorporate healthy nutritional food and supplement as part of the childrens diet. There are multiple issues with child nutrition act, for instance, society and parents may consider this policy as a bad reflection on them, when a person start to feel that the system is feeding his/her children, they view that as bad parenting. According to my research, society is easy to utter that kids experience issues in school because of poor parents neglecting their childs early development needs. Therefore, most parents would have a second thought about child nutrition act program due to the society view, (Framework Institution, 2008). Furthermore, other potential issues in child nutrition bill policy are that the policy differentiates among youth in school system, needy and worthy children. The issue with that is, kids are easy to become ashamed of themselves when the peers stigmatize them. For instance, the school lunch program is designated to help low-income individuals, therefore if they begin to feel embarrassed eating school lunch, there will be no actual effects on th e program.ÂÂ   The third potential problem is how much the government is too involved in the policy; this policy should be an open discussion between parents and the government sectors. At least the government should form a standard where it involved parents in determined what the kids needs. It is saying that, nor leaders in Congress or the formal 1st lady Michelle Obama should think that they know what it is that is good for the kids, they should consider involving parents because parents know whats best for their children, (Tribune, 2014). Policy/policy description is a composed advance of action that is required; its established to safeguard and decide the current and future decisions. Based on the reading, there are numerous advantages to having child nutrition policies; there is public funding for all institution meals and nutrition program. Part of the system descriptions is that it sketches a plan for schools, parents, officials, staff the quality nutrition care for the childrens. The policy helps teachers parents and institutions staff about the health and way of healthy lifestyle, preventing child obesity and low meal plans. This system also helps the poor and needy family in many capacities, such as children eating healthy food every day and not spending the little incomes of the family money, mentally and physically shape at school. The policy also educated mothers individually and groups on how to prevent nutrition difficulties in children life. Moreover, to qualify or continue to receive this system, the app licant must meet the minimal requirement. For example, for those that have household incomes below 130 percent of poverty guideline qualify for free meals, and those that are above 130 percent pay reduce price meal. Also, for those that receive public benefits such as food stamp, and temporary assistance for needy families (TANF) automatic qualify for child nutrition program, (Model Policies for Creating a Healthy Nutrition, n.d.). The Child Nutrition Act policy goals are educated individual with primary health care system, develop different eating behaviors as well as to help parents and institutions the guideline of dietary. According to (Vermont, 2006), one of the primary goals of the child nutrition act is to have a satisfactory place, location, space for the kids to have a pleasant meal, and suitable time to enjoyed their meal and relax. Which remind me of my high school years, nowadays most schools in the nation incorporate physical education program (PEP) as part of the required or elective credit to encourage students to participate. After school activities had also been available for all students if they have any interested in staying after school, this was and is the way to improve healthy lifestyle for children around the globe. The national school lunch program was formed and addressed by the U.S. Congress in 1946 through the national school lunch act. The program is the largest and the oldest of all child nutrition law, this program was measured of national security because, during the second war world, most soldiers were unfit for the job due to the lack of nutritional and healthy lifestyles. The program also helps U.S. economy and small businesses to stay in business, (S. Sims Citrin, 1974). For, instance, the (USDA) U.S. Department of Agriculture increase nutrition commodities and other healthier foods. The WIC program helps smallest business to stay in business by receiving government funds. The NSLP is available to all public school as well as some private school; all these institutions benefits through this program. I believe that the child nutrition act program was formed with the proper intention, to help and benefits all people. References Bergman, A. A., England, T., Taylor, K. W., Watkins, T., Schepman, S., Rushing, K. (2014). The Journal of Child Nutrition Management. Retrieved January 15, 2017, from School Nutrition Association, https://schoolnutrition.org/uploadedFiles/5_News_and_Publications/4_The_Journal_of_Child_Nutrition_and_Management/Fall_2014/SchoolLunchBeforeandAfterImplementationHealthyHungerFreeKidsAct.pdf Frame Work Institution. (2008, October). Retrieved January 23, 2017, from http://www.frameworksinstitute.org/assets/files/child_nutrition/catalogpotentialreframeschildnutrition.pdf Martin, J., Oakley, C. (Eds.). (2008). managing child nutrition programs: Leadership for excellence. (3nd ed.). Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. Model Policies for Creating a Healthy Nutrition. Retrieved January 29, 2017, from http://health.mo.gov/living/wellness/nutrition/eatsmartguidelines/pdf/Model_Policies.pdf Ross, A., L. Anderson, D. (2010, July 28). Retrieved January 23, 2017, from https://www.nmu.edu/sites/DrupalEducation/files/UserFiles/Files/Pre-Drupal/SiteSections/Students/GradPapers/Projects/Ross_Amy_MP.pdf S. Sims, L., Citrin, J. (1974). Reinvesting School Lunch. Retrieved January 29, 2017, from https://gradschool.columbusstate.edu/cols/politicalscience/MPAC%207106%20School%20Lunch%20Case%20Study.pdf Tribune, M. (2014, November 30). Getting the kids to eat healthier school meals. Retrieved January 23, 2017, from http://www.richardscareeracademy.org/ourpages/auto/2014/12/9/49765820/11_10_14_SchoolLunchArticle.pdf Vermont, B. (2006, December 18). Retrieved January 29, 2017, from http://www.wssu.k12.vt.us/schools/BUHS%20E11%20Federal%20Child%20Nutrition%20Act%20Wellness%20Policy.pdf

How to Meet Your Deadlines :: Process Essays

How to Meet Your Deadlines It's a gorgeous fall day and my mind is drifting like a dinghy on the lake. But I'm inside my house watching the clock tick away, hoping to pull together this essay before the deadline arrives. If you're like me, deadlines drive you crazy, but they also keep you driven. Chances are, you've spent countless nights awake, fretting over an upcoming deadline, even ones that are easy to meet. The Pressure Cooker So how can you handle the pressure -- real and imagined -- of deadlines? And what should you do if it looks like you're going to miss one? Here are a few tips on handling the dreaded D-word. Always meet your deadlines. There's simply no excuse, short of calamity not to. As Cameron Foote writes in "The Business Side of Creativity": "You're very raison d'etre is to do for others what they cannot or will not do for themselves. When you accept an assignment, the client expects you to be competent, professional, and most of all a fanatic about meeting his or her deadlines." Treat deadlines with the respect they deserve. Woody Allen once said, "eighty percent of life is just showing up." You'll be amazed and how much return business you can earn simply by being on time. Negotiate longer lead times. Deadlines are like money, they aren't easily renegotiated. Even if you think you can meet the proposed deadline with little problem, it's best to win yourself a little extra time during the initial negotiation. Extra time acts as insurance should a work or personal emergency arise or if the job becomes inexplicably complex. The slack can also come in handy if you need to accommodate a rush job, particularly one with extra dollars attached. Ask for an extra day or week or month, whatever is appropriate to the work you do and the scope of the project. Whenever you start talking to a client about a deadline, think about your kids, significant other, or beloved hobby, and silently ask yourself: Is this deadline going to prevent me from spending time with the people or activities I love? If nothing more, this ploy gives you the incentive to ask for that extra week or two. Break up chores into manageable pieces. Perhaps the problem is not the deadline, so much as the sheer size of a project you face. One way to battle this daunting specter is by creating a Gantt chart to break the project into smaller chunks.

Era of Fashion

An Era of Fashion Webster dictionary states that fashion is â€Å"The make or form of something. The prevailing style during a particular time. † Personally, I believe fashion is not Just what you wear but a state of mind. I once read a quote by Coco Channel that read, â€Å"Be daring, be different, be impractical, be anything that will â€Å"assert integrity of purpose and imaginative vision against the play-it-safer, the creatures of the commonplace the slaves of the ordinary. † This to me said it all.Fashion is about showing the true o and the statement that you want to make on that particular day, weather that statement is bold or casual in sweat pants and a white T. Fashion is not Just what we see everyday in magazines. Fashion is what you make it. During the pre ass's through the early to mid-ass's fashion trends such as the mini skirt, maxi skirt, mini dress, the halter neck cat dress, flared trousers, empire dresses, high waist banana sears, bell bottoms, army Jackets and Jumpsuits were all the rage.Two of the more well known people I believed to represent the ass's well was, Affray Facet, who cocked the feathered hairstyle and ass's style well for the ladies and Elvis Presley who was well known for always looking amazing in Jumpsuits showed the boys exactly how to make an outfit look good. In the photos I have chosen to use you will see my Grandparent's, my Uncle, my mother and my father. My Grandparent's and Uncle have always lived in Tucson, Az as for my mother for most of her life has lived in Tucson, except with a two year influence from her time spent in California.As for my father he was born and raised in Nassau, Bahamas until his college years when he moved to Tucson. The pictures were not taken for a particular reason other than to remember the time my father went to the Pimp Air Show and the time my mother spent visiting Harbor Island. The trends in both hair style and garments are shown. For instance my mother in the black an d white photograph shows Just how being â€Å"hip† in that time of age would have been represented, which was shown by the mini dress and having hair as big as you could get it to go. The types of clothing shown in my pictures are more on the casual side of everyday life in the U.S. Back in the ass's. Because fashion has always reflected its moment in history one could say that clothes mocked their environment. More designers were finally getting the chance to travel. This gave them a chance to see other nations. Viewing other nations meant new colors, textures, materials and ideas. There was now more to fashion than the same old boring prints. What is special about the ass's clothing to me are the patterns and the colors. The ass's was bold and therefore the colors and shapes of the garments were bigger than life. Personally, it seems to me that living in the ass's meant that one could not be shy!This era in time was such a big influence on the world and trends can still be seen in present day. For example, â€Å"That ass's Show,† puts forth a great understanding of the prints, textures, and all around style of the ass's. Another show that from time to time will represent the ass's is â€Å"The Rachel Zoe Project. † Rachel Zoe is a fashion stylist, who herself every so often will show high wasted pants, big earrings, big hair, patterns, and styles from the ass's. All in all I believe that the seventies was an amazing and inspiring era. QUESTIONS: 1 . The people included in my photos are as followed: My nana, that, UncleGilbert, along with my mother and my father. 2. The time period in the photos are as followed: 1981 3. They lived in Tucson, AZ and the Nassau Bahamas 4. The Time of year these pictures were taken were: Summer (all photos except grandparent's), and winter. 5. Where the photographs taken for a special event: (dad) Pimp Air Show, (mom) Visiting Harbor Island, otherwise the others were not for special events. 6. The clothing w as not related to a particular profession of the time period. 7. The significant historical events happening at the time were: RonaldReagan was Just elected President of the United States, The American hostages was held in Iran, Interest rates was at 14% (very high). 8. The historical events are depicted in the clothing by 9. What is special to me about the clothing are the patterns and the colors, very little black. The clothes do inspire me, the whole 60-70 era inspires me. Yes its fashion. Fashion is not one particular trend or look. Fashion includes person style and the emotion behind the person, It's a statement. 10. The style is Mod and personal. 11. That ass's Show I believe uses this era as inspiration along with â€Å"The Rachel Zoe Project. â€Å"

Lystrosaurus Facts and Figures

Lystrosaurus Facts and Figures Name: Lystrosaurus (Greek for shovel lizard); pronounced LISS-tro-SORE-us Habitat: Plains (or swamps) of Antarctica, South Africa, and Asia Historical Period: Late Permian-Early Triassic (260-240 million years ago) Size and Weight: About three feet long and 100-200 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Short legs; barrel-shaped body; relatively large lungs; narrow nostrils About Lystrosaurus About the size and weight of a smallish pig, Lystrosaurus was a classic example of a dicynodont (two dog toothed) therapsid- that is, one of the mammal-like reptiles of the late Permian and early Triassic periods that preceded the dinosaurs, lived alongside the archosaurs (the dinosaurs true ancestors), and eventually evolved into the earliest mammals of the Mesozoic Era. As therapsids go, though, Lystrosaurus was on the much less mammal-like end of the scale: its unlikely that this reptile possessed either fur or a warm-blooded metabolism, putting it in stark contrast to near contemporaries like Cynognathus and Thrinaxodon. The most impressive thing about Lystrosaurus is how widespread it was. The remains of this Triassic reptile have been unearthed in India, South Africa and even Antarctica (these three continents were once merged together into the giant continent of Pangea), and its fossils are so numerous that they account for a whopping 95 percent of the bones recovered at some fossil beds. No less an authority than the famous evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins has called Lystrosaurus the Noah of the Permian/Triassic boundary, being one of the few creatures to survive this little-known global extinction event 250 million years ago that killed 95 percent of marine animals and 70 percent of terrestrial ones. Why was Lystrosaurus so successful when so many other genera went extinct? No one knows for sure, but there are a few theories. Perhaps the unusually large lungs of Lystrosaurus allowed it to cope with plunging oxygen levels at the Permian-Triassic boundary; perhaps Lystrosaurus was somehow spared thanks to its presumed semi-aquatic lifestyle (the same way crocodiles managed to survive the K/T Extinction tens of millions of years later); or perhaps Lystrosaurus was so plain vanilla and unspecialized compared to other therapsids (not to mention so petitely built) that it managed to endure environmental stresses that rendered its fellow reptiles kaput. (Refusing to subscribe to the second theory, some paleontologists believe that Lystrosaurus actually thrived in the hot, arid, oxygen-starved environments that prevailed during the first few million years of the Triassic period.) There are over 20 identified species of Lystrosaurus, four of them from the Karoo Basin in South Africa, the most productive source of Lystrosaurus fossils in the entire world. By the way, this unprepossessing reptile made a cameo appearance in the late 19th century Bone Wars: an amateur fossil-hunter described a skull to the American paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh, but when Marsh didnt express any interest, the skull was forwarded instead to his arch-rival Edward Drinker Cope, who coined the name Lystrosaurus. Oddly, a short time later, Marsh purchased the skull for his own collection, perhaps wishing to examine it more closely for any mistakes Cope may have made!

Literary Devices in Two Kinds Essays

Literary Devices in Two Kinds Essays Literary Devices in Two Kinds Paper Literary Devices in Two Kinds Paper In our lives, there author of a short story entitled Two Kinds emphasises the literary element of the characteristics of two characters. The author also uses a variety of literary devices in her work, however the focus is on allusion. When I read the title, I think the short story is about two different sides. As I continue reading the rest of the short story, I finally know that the title represents the protagonist’s changes in her characteristics. Overall, I generally love the message contained in the short story as I can relate it to my relationship with my mother. As for the literary element, the characteristics of the characters are focused on the protagonist, Jing-mei Woo and her mother, Suyuan. After being pushed by her mother to become a prodigy, Jing-mei develops a rebellious attitude toward her mother. She resists her mother’s attempts at discipline and resents the pressures of high achievement. This is proven when Jing-mei says â€Å"You want me to be something that I’m not!† and â€Å"I’ll never be the kind of daughter you want me to be!† (line 21-22, page 6). I personally disagree with Jing-mei’s response toward her mother as her mother just wants the best for her future. Jing-mei should mind her words when speaking to her mother, so that she will not be offended. As a daughter, Jing-mei should obey her mother because she has sacrificed everything for the sake of having a better life in a new place. The author also describes the character of Jing-mei as regretful. After her mother’s death, Jing-mei wishes to appease her mother by playing the piano that she got for her thirtieth birthday. In recognising that the melodies she plays are â€Å"two halves of the same song† (line 25, page 7), she has displayed a desire to reconcile that which was previously separated and no longer living at the hyphen of being in the world. Jing-mei should have made best decisions in life before it is too late, as regretting will not c

CRJS300 U1IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CRJS300 U1IP - Research Paper Example Boston Legal, on the other hand, shows judges and courts to be susceptible entities that can be manipulated and whose opinions can be changed in the favor of those accused. Castle and Dexter are shows highlighting operations and effectiveness of police department in solving crimes. There are limited instances where Policemen and detectives are shown as villainous characters. Mostly, they are law abiding professionals, following procedures and paying less attention to their human side which can introduce bias in their overall practice. It is important to note that Castle considers bad policemen to be an exception and a source of bad name for the whole department. On the other hand, Dexter’s leading character is a serial killer who assists Police department in forensic examination and only kills those who managed to escape from law. The overall approach portrays villainous nature of Dexter to have a just cause in murdering others. However, there are other detectives in the same show that support drug dealers like various real-life detectives (Edwards, 2013). Prison Break and American History X have shown correctional agencies especially prisons as hubs of ultimate corruption where punishment is more emphasized than rehabilitation and also as a centre of inmates politics. Furthermore, it is an institution run by corrupt officials like Bellick in prison break. There are also several real life examples of police corruption that support the theme of these shows about police corruption e.g. more than ten corrupt police officers in Atlanta charged with protecting drug dealers (Milligan, Paluska, & Starzyk, 2013, Edwards, 2013). A critical analysis of these shows would illustrate that a perception of a given authority in the show depends on its overall theme. Some of the shows have depicted criminal justice professionals as well as authorities to be righteous, law abiding individuals as well as

Over-Population Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Over-Population - Term Paper Example Majority of this population is in Asian countries. The concept of overpopulation is broader than merely population densities. It includes the ability of the environment to sustain a growing population. The increasing human population exerts lot of pressure on the available resources to extent that the carrying capacity may be surpassed. The effects on the environment may be coupled with other effects such global warming and overall climate change. Overpopulation would occur when the human population will exceed the earth’s resources. With the current reductions in child mortality rates, better medical care and good life present in some parts of the world chances of the earth becoming overpopulated are high. However, the problems of overpopulation are more common in the developing world compared to developed nations due to fertility rates. It is the responsibility and role of everyone in the world to help reduce population growth. There are different opinions explaining the trends and effects of global human population growth. Malthus population growth theory was based on the concept of carrying capacity. The prediction was that the human population was growing at a high rate in relation to the available resources to sustain the population. The result of such population growth was that there will times when the resources will not be able to sustain the human population which, will eventually crash. Such school of thought and other opinions by new-Malthusian believe that there are still chances of a population crash triggered by various environmental factors such as climate change. The â€Å"Malthusian† theory is one of the well known and most criticized theories explaining the relationship between human population growth and the environment. The theory emphasizes on the fact that as the population grows people will utilize all the resources to the extent that there will be hunger, famine and environmental degradation. However, many

Citi Bank Launching The Credit Card In Asia Pacific Essay

Citi Bank Launching The Credit Card In Asia Pacific - Essay Example The feasibility of launching the product in Singapore would become clear in the light of the following analysis: Income and Standard of Living: Singapore is a country of rich and affluent people with an average per capita income of $8,817 that is continuously growing at a higher rate than other countries in the region and a standard of living much better as compared to most of its neighbouring countries. Most of the population can conveniently afford a credit card therefore this country offers great opportunity to the Citi corp. in launching its product for the first time in the whole region. Therefore, the land of Singapore offers more opportunities than risk for the Citi Bank credit card launch. Although risks are there, but the country having 100% urban population, higher per capita income and much better standard of living offer less country risks to the launch of a product like credit card. Although the country profile of Singapore offers has great attractiveness for the launch of Citi Bank credit card, yet the market ... Although the country profile of Singapore offers has great attractiveness for the launch of Citi Bank credit card, yet the market profile suggests a great number of risks associated with it. The credit card market has been already captured by major international players such as American Express Bank, Hong Kong Bank, Chase, Standard Chartered and local banks such as UOB, DBS, OUB, and OCBC, which make it very difficult for a bank to successfully enter the market and remain profitably in business for long. In order to enter the Singapore market and successfully launch the product, Citi Bank could either purchase an existing already established business, or launch a rigorous marketing campaign to attract a great number of customers or can even both the options simultaneously as suggested by the case given. However it is recommendable for the Citi Bank to go for the development of its product's own market. The bank should adopt a number of possible marketing strategies that could help it achieve the objective of customer awareness and customer acceptance. Initially, the customers should be made acquainted to the product and then the product must be positioned in a way to win the customer acceptance. Competitive Advantage Singapore is a market where people enjoy a high standard of living and therefore, enjoy the products that are associated with image, status and recognition. Citi Bank can take advantage of this attitude by positioning the credit card and associate its image with high status, prestige, affluence and style. The bank should use its "international identity" and offer its product to the people with maximum international usage and recognition. This can be the most visible competitive advantage readily available to be

Interrelationships with Culture and Visual Entertainmen Essay Example for Free

Interrelationships with Culture and Visual Entertainmen Essay Culture and visual entertainment media have an interrelationship with each other such as film and television. As the years go by and more and more television shows and movies have been created they have in my opinion become of a reflection of our cultural times. Society is watching the films and television and seeing that they can relate to what they are watching which then they are able to take away a message. People can see visual instead of having to read to learn which can give them a different perspective that they may not have thought of on their own. As people view the visual entertainment they and see what is being influenced from the way people act, dress, talk, and so forth since it is what is shaping our culture. The Brady Bunch is an example of how families were starting to see that families can merge together and become one family, the outfits and hairstyles were being mimicked by people in everyday life. I remember watching this show thinking how â€Å"cool† is it to have two families merge together. This showed that the social influences of visual entertainment media can be positive. People can still watch visual media that is been out dated but still learn about American culture with such shows. Another example is â€Å"The Breakfast Club† this movie is a classic and still very relevant to how our American culture is shaped. In this movie they look at individuals and show that even though we are from all walks of life such as a jock, nerd, snob, shy, and criminal that we all have similarities in the end if we stop and take a moment to see. I Love Lucy† was a huge influence on visual entertainment people wanted to have the grace, the silliness, and could also see that they lived modestly which made it relate to society. Visual media can be negative as well a positive influence on social behavior. When we view visual entertainment I would say majority want to emulate the celebrities that they are viewing which can be negative or positive depending on that moment. People want to fit in society and with visual entertainment that can shape them in to something different. I remember during the eighty’s all of the shows and movies I watch were all the underdog wins in the end and I felt that this is what I want I want to be the underdog the stand along and befriends with everyone. Guess what I was that person I still am that person as well as I take up for the underdog and befriend everyone as well as treat everyone with respect no matter what. I can thank â€Å"Sixteen Candles, Full House, The Breakfast Club, The Outsiders, and I Love Lucy† were all visual entertainment that made me who I am as well as a lot of others.

Payment Systems For E Commerce

Payment Systems For E Commerce The emergence of e-commerce has effectively created many new financial needs which in many cases cannot be fulfilled by traditional payment systems. By considering all of these aspects many organizations are exploring various types of electronic payment systems and digital currency and also various issues regarding these payment systems. Broadly electronic payment system is classified in to mainly into four categories: Online Credit card Payment system, Online Electronic Cash system, Electronic Cheque System and Smart Cards based Electronic payment system. Every system has its advantages and disadvantages for the customers and merchants. These systems have number of requirements: e.g. acceptability, convenience, security, cost, anonymity, control, and traceability. Hence, instead of focusing on the technological specifications of various e payment systems, the researchers have distinguished e payment system based on what is transmitting over the network; analyze the difference of eac h electronic payment systems based on their requirements, characteristics and assess the applicability of every system. I. INTRODUCTION Payment is the integral process in the mercantile process, electronic payment system is the integral part of the electronic commerce. Due to the emergence of electronic commerce has created new financial needs through which need for new payment systems has created while traditional payment system cannot be able to fulfill its needs. For example new payment systems are of the forms such as auctions between individual ¿Ã‚ ½s online results in searching for new payment systems that means peer to peer payment methods that allows individuals to make payments through their e-mails. By recognizing these needs all interested parties (i.e: government, business communities and financial service providers) are invading various types of electronic payment systems and issues regarding those payment systems and electronic currency. Some of the proposed systems are electronic type of the traditional payment system such as credit cards, cheques, while, others are based on the digital currency tech nology and have the potential for definitive impact on today ¿Ã‚ ½s financial and monetary system. While popular developers of electronic payment system predict fundamental changes in the financial sector because of the innovations in electronic payment system (Kalakota Ravi, 1996). Therefore in particular electronic commerce have many methods of payment systems, these methods of payment systems are developed to support the electronic commerce. A failure to take place these developments into the proper context is likely to result in undue focus on the various experimental initiatives to develop electronic forms of payment without a proper reflection on the broader implications for the existing payment system. The table below shows a steady increase in the annual growth of total U.S. e-commerce sales for the 2000-2009 periods. A. CONCEPT AND SIZE OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT The payment systems that uses electronic distribution networks constitute a frequent system in the banking and business sector since 1960 ¿Ã‚ ½s, especially for the transfer of large amounts of money. In the four decades that have passed since their appearance, necessary technological developments have taken place, which on the one hand have expanded the possible technologies of electronic payment systems besides they have also created new social and business practice, which make the use of these systems necessary. These changes, naturally, have affected the definition of electronic payments, which is emerging depending on the needs of each period. In most general form, the word electronic payment comprised of any payment (transactions) to businesses, bank or public services from citizens or businesses, which are made through a telecommunications or electronic networks by using modern technology. It is obvious that based on this definition, the electronic payments that will be the objects of present result, is the payment that is executed by the payer by himself, whether the latter is a consumer or a business, without the intervention of the another natural person. Furthermore, these payments are made from distance, without the presence of the payer physically and naturally it does not include cash. By providing such definition for the electronic payment system, this make researches to include the information concerning the accounts of the parties involved in the transaction, and also technological means of transaction execution such as distribution channel etc. Size of Electronic Payments: Electronic payments can be made in different forms, based on these forms electronic commerce payments systems are categorized as Business-to-Business (B2B), Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Consumer-to-Business (C2B) and Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C). Each of which has special characteristics that depend on the value of order. Danial, (2002) classified electronic payment systems as follows:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Micro Payment (less than $ 10) that is mainly conducted in C2C and B2C e-commerce.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Consumer Payment that has a value between $ 10 and $ 500. It is conducted mainly in B2C transactions.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Business Payment that has the value more than $ 500. It is conducted mainly in B2B e-commerce. B. CONVENTIONAL VS. ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM To dig the depth of the electronic payment process, it is better to first understand the processing of traditional payment system. A traditional process of payment and settlement involves a buyer-to-seller transfer of cash or payment information (i.e., cheque and credit cards). The general settlement of payment process takes place in the financial processing network. A cash payment requires a buyer ¿Ã‚ ½s withdrawals form his/her bank account, a transfer of cash to the seller, and the seller ¿Ã‚ ½s deposit of payment to his/her account. Non-cash payment systems are settled by adjusting i.e. crediting and debiting the appropriate accounts between banks based on payment information conveyed via cheque or credit cards. Figure 1: Conventional/Traditional Payment System Figure is simplified diagram for both cash and non-cash transactions. As cash Transferred from the buyer ¿Ã‚ ½s bank to seller ¿Ã‚ ½s bank through face-to-face exchange in the market. If a buyer uses a non-cash form of payment, payment information instead of cash flows from the buyer to the seller, and payments are settled between affected banks, who notationally adjust accounts based on payment information. C. PROCESS OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM Electronic payment system have been operating since 1960s and also expanding very rapidly as well as growth and complexity. After the development of traditional payment system new features such as Electronic Funds Transfer based payments methods came in to existence. It was the first electronic based payment system, which does not depend on intermediary of central processing. An electronic fund transfer is a financial application of EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), which transfers credit card numbers or electronic cheques via secured private transfer lines between banks and major corporations. To use EFT to clear payments and settle accounts, online payment services needs all the capabilities to process the order, accounts and receipts. But a landmark came in to direction with the development of digital currency. Use of electronic money and digital currency looks alike the paper money as a means of payment. Digital based currency system is having same advantages as of paper based c urrency system those are namely anonymity and convenience. As in other electronic payments systems (i.e. EFT based and intermediary based) here is also concern about the security in the electronic payment systems during the transactions and storage is also a main concern, although from the different perspective, for digital currency systems double spending, counterfeiting, and storage become critical issues whereas eavesdropping and the issue of liability (when charges are made without authorizations) is important for the notational funds transfer. Figure 2 shows digital currency based payment system. In this figure, it is shown that intermediary acts as an electronic bank, which converts outside money (e.g. Rupees or US $), into inside money (e.g. tokens or e-cash), which is circulated within online markets. However, as a private monetary system, digital currency has wide ranging impact on money and monetary system with implications extending far beyond more transactional efficiency. II. TYPES OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS With the rapid growth in the electronic commerce need for the payment systems are increased as that of e commerce by which dozens of payments systems are came in to existence and also they are already in practice. Grouping of these payments systems are made based upon the information being transferred online. Murthy (2002) explained six types of electronic payment systems: (1) PC-Banking (2) Credit Cards (3) Electronic Cheques (i-cheques) (4) Micro payment (5) Smart Cards and (6) E-Cash. Kalakota and Whinston (1996) identified three types of electronic payment systems: (1) Digital Token based electronic payment systems, (2) Smart Card based electronic payment system and (3) Credit based electronic payment systems. Dennis (2001) classified electronic payment system into two categories: (1) Electronic Cash and (2) Electronic Debit-Credit Card Systems. Thus, electronic payment system can be broadly divided into four general types (Anderson, 1998):  ¿Ã‚ ½ Online Credit Card Payment System  ¿Ã‚ ½ Electronic Cheque System  ¿Ã‚ ½ Electronic Cash System and  ¿Ã‚ ½ Smart Card based Electronic Payment System Online Credit Card Payment System: It seeks to extend the functionality of existing credit cards for use as online shopping payment tools. This payment system has been widely accepted by consumers and merchants throughout the world, and by far the most popular methods of payments especially in the retail markets (Laudon and Traver, 2002). These forms of payment systems are having many advantages, which were never available through the traditional payments methods. Some of the advantages of the online credit card payment systems are: privacy, integrity, compatibility, good transaction efficiency, acceptability, convenience, mobility, low financial risk and anonymity. Added to all these, to avoid the complexity associated with the digital cash or electronic-cheques, consumers and vendors are also looking at credit card payments on the internet as one of possible time-tested alternative. But, this payment system has raised several problems before the consumers and merchants. Online cred it card payment systems are also having many disadvantages lack of authentication, repudiation of charges and credit card frauds. It also seeks to address consumer fears about using credit card such as having to reveal credit information at multiple sites and repeatedly having to communicate sensitive information over the Internet. Basic process of Online credit card payment system is very simple as that of traditional payment systems. If consumers want to purchase a product or service, they simply send their credit card details to the service provider involved and the credit card organization will handle this payment like any other. This can be understood very easily with the format (Figure 3) of Credit Card Payment Form. Electronic Cheque Payment System: Electronic cheque fulfills the needs of many business organizations, which are previously exchanging paper based cheque based on the vendors, consumers and government. Working process of e-cheque is as same as that of the traditional cheque payment system. An account holder will issue the electronic cheque document which contains the information such as name of the account holder payee name, name of the financial institution, payer ¿Ã‚ ½s account number and the amount of payment on the cheque. Most of the information is in un coded form. Like a paper cheques e-cheques also bear the digital equivalent of signature: a computed number that authenticates the cheque from the owner of the account. Digital checking payment system seeks to extend the functionality of existing checking accounts for use as online shopping payment tools. Electronic cheque system has many advantages: (1) they do not require consumers to reveal account information to other indi viduals when setting an auction (2) they do not require consumers to continually send sensitive financial information over the web (3) they are less expensive than credit cards and (4) they are much faster than paper based traditional cheque. But, this system of payment also has several disadvantages. The disadvantage of electronic cheque system includes their relatively high fixed costs, their limited use only in virtual world and the fact that they can protect the users? anonymity. Therefore, it is not very suitable for the retail transactions by consumers, although useful for the government and B2B operations because the latter transactions do not require anonymity, and the amount of transactions is generally large enough to cover fixed processing cost. The process of electronic checking system can be described using (figure 4) the following steps. Step 1: a purchaser fills a purchase order form, attaches a payment advice (electronic cheque), signs it with his private key (using his signature hardware), attaches his public key certificate, encrypts it using his private key and sends it to the vendor. Step 2: the vendor decrypts the information using his private key, checks the purchaser ¿Ã‚ ½s certificates, signature and cheque, attaches his deposit slip, and endorses the deposit attaching his public key certificates. This is encrypted and sent to his bank. Step 3: the vendor ¿Ã‚ ½s bank checks the signatures and certificates and sends the cheque for clearance. The banks and clearing houses normally have a private secure data network. Step 4: when the cheque is cleared, the amount is credited to the vendor ¿Ã‚ ½s account and a credit advice is sent to him. Step 5: the purchaser gets a consolidated debit advice periodically. E-cheque provide a security rich Internet payment option for businesses and offer an easy entry into electronic commerce without a significant investment in new technologies or legal systems. Electronic Cash Payment System: Electronic payment system is new technology in the online payment systems which improve the features such as security and privacy because it combines computerized convenience. Its versatility opens up a host of new markets and applications. E-cash is an electronic or digital form of value storage and value exchange that have limited convertibility into other forms of value and require intermediaries to convert. E-cash presents some characteristics like storability, monetary value, interoperability, irretrievability, and security. // By using all these characteristics it makes electronic cash more attractive payment system on the internet (Online). Added to these, this payment system offers numerous advantages like privacy, good acceptability, authority, convenience, low transactions cost and good anonymity. But, this system of payment also has many disadvantages such as poor transaction efficiency, poor mobility, and high financial risk, as people are solely responsible for the lost or stolen. Gary and Perry (2002), just like real world currency counterpart, electronic cash is susceptible to forgery. It is possible, though increasingly difficult, to create and spend forged e-cash. E-Cash Structure: e-cash structure could be identified as a string of bits that represents certain values such as reference number and digital signature, which could be used for the security purpose to prevent forgery and criminal use (Wright, 2002). But, the structure proposed by Wright (2002) needs some extension to make e-cash more secure. Therefore, the present model (Figure 3.5) adds a digital watermark to e-cash structure to protect it from the illegal copy and forgery activities further, the model modified the structure of the reference number to support tractability as shown in the figure 5. The proposed e-cash structure is comparatively better than suggested by Wright (2002), because security issue is given importance of top most priority in the present model. But, still there are certain concerns to be addressed for an electronic cash system. For example, who has the right to issue electronic cash? Can every bank issue its own money? If so how do you prevent fraud? And who will monitor the banking operations to protect consumers? Many of these concepts relate to the legal and banking regulatory aspects. However all these issues are beyond the scope of the study and therefore, cannot be included here. But, these issues must be addressed before establishing a complete e-cash based payment system. Smart Cards based Electronic Payment System: Smart cards are receiving renewed attention as a mode of online payment. They are essentially credit card sized plastic cards with the memory chips and in some cases, with microprocessors embedded in them so as to serve as storage devices for much greater information than credit cards with inbuilt transaction processing capability. This card also contains some kinds of an encrypted key that is compared to a secret key contained on the user ¿Ã‚ ½s processor. Some smart cards have provision to allow users to enter a personal identification number (PIN) code. Smart cards have been in use for well over the two decades now and have been widespread mostly in Europe and Asian Countries. Owing to their considerable flexibility, they have been used for a wide range of functions like highway toll payment, as prepaid telephone cards and as stored value debit cards. However, with the recent emergence of e-commerce, these devices are increasingly being viewed as a particularly appropriate method to execute online payment system with considerably greater level of security than credit cards. Compared with traditional electronic cash system, smart cards based electronic payment systems do not need to maintain a large real time database. They also have advantages, such as anonymity, transfer payment between individual parties , and low transactional handling cost of files. Smart cards are also better protected from misuse than, say conventional credit cards, because the smart card information is encrypted. Currently, the two smart cards based electronic payment system- Mondex and Visa Cash are incompatible in the smart cards and card reader specification. Not knowing which smart card system will become market leader; banks around the world are unwilling to adopt either system, let alone other smart card system. Therefore, establishing a standard smart card system, or making different system interoperable with one another is critical success factors for smart card based payment system. Kalakota and Whinston (1996), classified smart cards based electronic payment system as (1) relationship based smart cards and electronic purses. Electronic purses, which may replace money, are also known as debit card. Further Diwan and Singh (2000) and Sharma and Diwan (2000), classified smart cards into four categories. These are: (1) memory cards: this card can be used to store password or pin number. Many telephone cards use these memory cards (2) shared key cards: it can store a private key such as those used in the public key cryptosystems. In this way, the user can plug in the card to a workstation and workstation can read the private key for encryption or decryption (3) signature carrying card: this card contains a set of pre generated random numbers. These numbers can be used to generate electronic cash (4) signature carrying cards: these cards carry a co-processor that can be used to generate large random numbers. These random numbers can then be used for the assignment as serial numbers for the electronic cash. III. CONCLUSION Technology created lives easier for human beings. It has decreases the work up to many extends such as distance space and even time. One of the technological innovation in the banking and financial sectors is the electronic payments. // By using electronic payments we can perform financial operations electronically, thus avoiding long lines and other hassles. Electronic Payments provides greater freedom to individuals in paying their licenses, taxes, fees, fines and purchases at unconventional locations and at whichever time of the day, 365 days of the year. On the basis of present study, first remark is that despite the existence of variety of e-commerce payment systems, credit cards are the most dominant payment system. This is consequences of advantageous characteristics, most importantly the long established networks and very wide user ¿Ã‚ ½s base. Second, alternative e-commerce payment systems are some countries are debit cards. In fact, like many other studies, present study also reveals that the smart card based e-commerce payment system is best and it is expected that in the future smart cards will eventually replace the other electronic payment systems. Third, given the limited users bases, e-cash is not a feasible payment option. Thus, there are number of factors which affect the usage of e-commerce payment systems. Among all these user base is most important. Added to this, success of e-commerce payment systems also depends on consumer preferences, ease of use, cost, industry agreement, authorization, security, authentication, non-refutability, accessibility and reliability and anonymity and public policy. IV. REFERENCES 1. Abrazhevich, D. (2002) ,Diary on Internet Payment Systems ¿Ã‚ ½, Proceedings of the British Conference on Human Computer Interaction, London, England. 2. Anderson, M.M. (1998),  ¿Ã‚ ½Electronic Cheque Architecture, Version 1.0.2 ¿Ã‚ ½, Financial Services Technology Consortium, September 3. Baddeley, M. (2004)  ¿Ã‚ ½Using E-Cash in the New Economy: An Electronic Analysis of Micropayment Systems ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp 239-253. 4. Bhatia, Varinder (2000), E-Commerce (Includes E-Business), New Delhi: Khanna Book Publishing Co. 5. Boly, J. P. et al., (1994),  ¿Ã‚ ½ The ESPRIT Project CAF ¿Ã‚ ½-High Security Digital Payment System ¿Ã‚ ½, ESORICS 94, Third European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Brighton, LNCS 875, Spring- Verlage, Berlin, pp 217-230. accessed on http://www.zurich.ibm.ch/technology/Security/Sirene/Publ/ BBCM1_94cafeEsorics.ps.gz. 6. Cavarretta, F. and de Silva, J. (1995),  ¿Ã‚ ½Market Overview of the Payments Mechanisms for the Internet Commerce ¿Ã‚ ½, accessed on http://www.mba96.hbs.edu/fcavarretta/money.html. 7. Chakrabarti, Rajesh and Kardile, Vikas (2002), E-Commerce: The Asian Manager ¿Ã‚ ½s Handbook, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. 8. Charkrabarthi, Rajesh et al (2002), The Asian Manager ¿Ã‚ ½s Handbook of E-Commerce, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.) 9. Chaum, D. (1992),  ¿Ã‚ ½Achieving Electronic Privacy ¿Ã‚ ½, Scientific American, August,pp 96-101 accessed on http://www.digicash.support.nl/publish/sciam.html. 10. Danial, Amor (2002), E-Business (R) evolution, New York: Prentice Hall. 11. Dennis, Abrazhevich (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½Classifications and Characteristics of Electronic Payment Systems ¿Ã‚ ½, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 81-90.

Ralphs Leadership in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies Essay

Ralph's Leadership in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies Ralph, the elected leader of the group of British boys in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, strives to take the civilized society to which he is accustomed and apply it to society on the island on which he and the other boys are stranded. As leader, this task seems simple – tell the other boys what they each need to do and expect them to do it. Ralph fails to realize the difference between the rest of the boys and himself. The world is in the middle of a massive war, a war in which the threat of the atomic bomb looms prominently. In fear of losing all its future fighting force, Britain sends a group of its schoolboys on an airplane to safety. Before reaching its destination, though, an enemy fighter plane shoots down the boys’ plane. The plane crashes into a forest on a remote island and, as a result, the pilots die. This group of schoolboys jumps from a society in which adults direct them to act properly to one in which there is no authoritative figure to give them orders. Back in Britain, adults train the boys to obey them and follow their lead. They act appropriately because of the threat of punishment for disobedience. Even later in the novel, once things begin to fall apart, Golding writes, â€Å"Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law† (62). As the story progresses, though the boys go so far as to participate in savage acts such as killing each other, in the end, they realize that they conducted themselves immorally. Stranded on the island with a bunch of boys and no adults, Ralph quickly takes charge and demands the election of a leader of the bo... ...ings a type of closure to the ordeal, and it also shows a realization he had about society, about mankind in general. He has witnessed with his own eyes the evil that comes about as a result of the lack of civilization and the inborn nature to do evil. Golding describes Ralph’s profound crying simply: â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy† (202). While nearly all the boys on the island ignore those standards British society has taught them, Ralph does not, and, as leader, tries to apply them to society on the island. Even when everyone else reverts to his inborn evil nature, Ralph sticks with that which is good, that which he learned from British society – civility. Ralph is different than the other boys, and because of that difference, it is only fitting that he cry.

Criminal Acts and Choice Theories

Criminal Acts and Choice Theories CJA/204 December 13, 2011 Bob Bennett The choice theory has a substantial part to perform when contemplating the argumentation proceeding to criminal vivacity. The choice theory has its intrinsic significance while composing a plan of action for managing or decreasing crime. It is essential to recognize the theory and in what way or manner it influences the potential of an individual engaging in lawlessness and in what manner would an effort to manage crime appear supporting the choice theory. The choice theory has been brought to light from the compositions of antecedent theorists, Jeremy Bentham, and Cesare Beccaria. The affects of the choice theory determines how mankind discourages criminal activity (Schmallager, 2009). Within criminology the choice theory is also distinguished as the classical theory. The principle idea of the classical theory is that individuals cull behavior with the addition of criminal conduct. Individual powers of selection can be managed by multiple determinants such as the apprehension of castigation or the benefits achieved by committing a crime or illegal activities, which indicates that the more harsh, definite, and prompt the punishment, the better the chances to manage criminal conduct. The choice theory mentions that castigation should maintain four predominant ambitions. The first ambition is to use punishment to hamper criminal activity from occurring. A secondary principle maintains that when a crime cannot be hindered, the punishment should impel the offender to perpetrate a minor crime instead. The third ambition is to make certain that the offender applies no more violence than needed during a crime. The final objective is to counter crime as economically feasible. Rational choice is the judgment to perform a distinct kind of lawlessness or illegal activity established on the careful consideration of accessible information, combined with the element of personal judgment. The ational choice theory contains an outlook of crime that continues to be both offense and offender explicit. Offense-explicit lawlessness relates to crimes, where perpetrators will respond to selective attributes of specific offenses. Offender-explicit offenses relate to the reality that perpetrators are not easily provoked individuals who obligate him or her selves to antisocial behavior. Rather, he or she deliberate about whether they retain the prerequisi tes required for performing a lawless act that include their needs, ingenuity, talents, and apprehension level before determining to act out a crime. Choice theorists believe that criminal conduct is a personality characteristic and crime is a happening or event. Offenders recognize the freedom of mobility and privation of social restrictions. In contrast to other individuals, offender-explicit individuals have diminished self-control and seen unaffected by the intimidation of social controls. He or she is usually dealing with stress or is commonly confronted with severe personal complications or circumstances that drive them to adopt perilous behavior (Schmallager, 2009). Choice theorists have also examined the choice to perform a lawless act, regardless of its element, is contrived by the choice of location. The determination will rely upon the features of the mark and the methods available to execute the plan. It has been determined that offenders choose the location by the accessibility and ease of committing a crime with thoughts about the possibility of getting caught. Offenders pick their targets by pondering the character of the crime. A perfect example of this is how offenders will choose higher class households for burglaries or robberies, whereas he or she will select lower class households for the target of violent crimes such as in drug robberies from drug houses. Criminals learn the techniques of crimes to aid them in non-detection (Schmallager, 2009). Routine activities can be defined by the choice theory when discussing crime. Crimes rates correlate to the number of inspired criminals such as male teenagers, drug consumers, and unemployed individuals who partake in criminal activity. Most offenders commit crimes based on his or her narrow education, background, and lack of opportunities because of their education. If offenders were given the opportunities to improve themselves, he or she would not commit crimes. The rational choice theory includes the organization of crime and the molding of criminality (Schmallager, 2009). Society uses a couple of common models to decide which acts are determined to be criminal acts. The two models within the criminal justice system are consensus model and conflict model. Consensus model is defined as majority of individuals in a society who share the same values and beliefs. Criminal acts conflict with consensus values and beliefs, and here the term ‘conflict model’ comes into play. The consensus model explains that individuals within a society will agree on which activities should be considered against the law and will publish them as crimes. The consensus model assumes that a diverse group of individuals can have similar morals and beliefs. The consensus model presumes that when individuals stand together to form a society; the members will come to a fundamental agreement with the observance of shared norms, values, and beliefs. Individuals whose actions deviate from the standard norms and recognized values, and beliefs are considered to be a threat to the well-being of society, and must be punished. Societies pass laws to control and impede deviant behavior, which in return establishes boundaries for appropriate behavior within the society (Schmallager, 2009). The conflict model establishes those who reject consensus on the foundation that morals, norms, ideas, values, or behaviors are not absolute, meaning, multiple parts of society hold different ideas about value and norm systems. The conflict model carries diverse segments, which are separated into age, social class, race, and income. Those who engage in the idea of the conflict model are in a constantly struggling with one another for control of society. Those who successfully grasp control make the laws with his or her value system, and determine what is criminal and what is not (Schmallager, 2009). Resources; Schmallager, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today, 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, N. J. Pearson/Prentice Hall